Embark on a journey to unravel the mysteries of Monk Fruit Sweeteners in our comprehensive guide. Delve into the wonders of this exotic fruit native to southern China, renowned for its incredible sweetness without the calories. Explore how these intensely sweet alternatives to sugar are produced, how they behave in the body after consumption, and most importantly, why they are considered entirely safe for consumption. Brace yourself for an enlightening adventure through the world of Monk Fruit Sweeteners, where every detail is unveiled for your understanding.
Key Takeaways:
- Monk Fruit Sweeteners Overview: Monk fruit sweeteners, derived from a small round fruit native to Southern China, are no-calorie sweeteners that are intensely sweet. They are 100-250 times sweeter than sugar and can be used in a variety of foods and beverages.
- Production Process: Monk fruit sweeteners are produced by extracting and filtering the sweet portions of monk fruit. They are often blended with erythritol, a sugar alcohol, to resemble table sugar in taste and appearance.
- Metabolism After Consumption: The compounds that provide sweetness in monk fruit extracts, called mogrosides, are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, thus they do not provide calories. Erythritol, when present, is rapidly absorbed and mainly excreted in urine.
- Safety and Regulation: Monk fruit extracts are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA and have been approved by health agencies in multiple countries. Although an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) has not been established, studies have shown no adverse effects at consumption levels.
- Global Approval: Monk fruit extract is permitted for use in more than 60 countries and has a history of safe use. It is used in tabletop sweeteners and has no evidence of adverse effects in human studies up to a certain daily consumption limit.
- Health Agency Consensus: Various health agencies, including those in China, Japan, Australia, Canada, and the U.S., have confirmed the safety of monk fruit extract in foods and beverages.
- Benefits and Considerations: Monk fruit sweeteners provide a low- to no-calorie alternative to sugar, making them beneficial for reducing added sugar intake. However, slight differences in taste and texture may be experienced when substituting monk fruit sweeteners for sugar in recipes.
What Are Monk Fruit Sweeteners?
Overview and Types
Some monk fruit sweeteners are no-calorie alternatives to sugar that are significantly sweeter. Types of sweeteners in this category include monk fruit sweeteners, stevia, and sucralose. These sweeteners are often referred to as sugar substitutes or low-calorie sweeteners. Brands like Monk Fruit In The Raw, Lakanto, and SPLENDA offer monk fruit sweeteners in granular and liquid forms. They can be used in various beverages and foods like soft drinks, dairy products, and desserts. Any recipe using monk fruit sweeteners instead of sugar may vary slightly in texture and volume.
| Monk Fruit Sweeteners | Versatile and widely used in different products |
| Stevia | Another common no-calorie sweetener |
| Sucralose | Popular artificial sweetener |
| Brands | Monk Fruit In The Raw, Lakanto, SPLENDA, etc. |
| Usage | In beverages, dairy, desserts, and baked goods |
Comparison with Sugar
One key difference between monk fruit sweeteners and sugar is the sweetness level; monk fruit sweeteners are much sweeter, so only small amounts are needed to match the sweetness of sugar. Additionally, monk fruit sweeteners do not contain any calories, making them a popular choice for those looking to reduce their sugar intake. Any product made with monk fruit sweeteners may have a slightly different taste and texture compared to sugar-based recipes.
| Sweetness Level | Monk fruit sweeteners are much sweeter |
| Calorie Content | Monk fruit sweeteners are calorie-free |
| Taste and Texture | May vary from sugar-based products |
| Usage Amount | Only small amounts needed due to high sweetness |
| Popular Choice | For those looking to reduce sugar intake |
Origin and History
Traditional uses
On a historical note, monk fruit has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries due to its perceived cold and digestive properties. The fruit was believed to aid in treating ailments such as sore throats and digestive issues, with its sweetness being considered a bonus. Monk fruit was also consumed as a natural remedy to cool the body during hot weather.
Cultural significance
History indicates that monk fruit holds significant cultural importance in Chinese folklore and traditions, being revered for its sweetness and medicinal properties. The fruit is often associated with longevity and good fortune, symbolizing health and prosperity. Monk fruit’s role in traditional Chinese medicine further solidifies its cultural significance, where it has been used for generations as a natural remedy.
A staple in the Chinese cultural tapestry, monk fruit has transcended its medicinal origins to become a symbol of purity and sweetness. Its inclusion in various celebratory dishes and teas underscores its cultural relevance, with people embracing its natural sweetness as a gift from nature.
Production Process
Harvesting and Extraction
Many monk fruit sweeteners begin with the careful harvesting of monk fruit, a small round fruit native to southern China. The fruit is then processed to remove its seeds and skin before being crushed. The sweet portions are extracted in liquid and powdered forms.
Sweetness Refinement Steps
With sweetness refinement steps, the extracted monk fruit is often blended with erythritol to mimic the taste and appearance of table sugar. The blending process ensures the sweetener is more versatile for use in various products, from beverages to baked goods.
The final monk fruit sweetener product is intensely sweet, and only small amounts are needed to match the sweetness of sugar. Brands like Monk Fruit In The Raw®, Lakanto®, SPLENDA® Monk Fruit Sweetener, SweetLeaf®, and Whole Earth® offer monk fruit sweeteners in both granular and liquid forms.
Uses in Food
Beverage applications
Your favorite beverages can now be sweetened to perfection with monk fruit sweeteners. These no-calorie sweeteners are a great alternative to sugar in a wide variety of drinks, including soft drinks, juices, and dairy products. Thanks to their stability at high temperatures, monk fruit sweeteners can also be used in hot beverages like coffee and tea. Just a small amount goes a long way in providing sweetness without the added calories.
Baking and cooking
Now, cooking and baking with monk fruit sweeteners can elevate your favorite recipes to a whole new level. With their intense sweetness, monk fruit sweeteners are perfect for creating delicious desserts, candies, and condiments. Plus, their high heat stability allows them to be used in baked goods like cookies and cakes. While the texture and volume of your recipes may vary slightly when substituting sugar with monk fruit sweeteners, the end result will still be a satisfyingly sweet treat.
Health Benefits
Low-calorie attribute
Not only do monk fruit sweeteners provide a sweet taste without the added calories, but they also offer a solution for individuals looking to reduce their sugar intake. With monk fruit sweeteners being 100-250 times sweeter than sugar, only a small amount is needed to achieve the same level of sweetness, making them a great option for those watching their calorie consumption.
Impact on metabolism
Impact on metabolism refers to the effect that monk fruit sweeteners may have on the body’s metabolic processes. Health experts suggest that since monk fruit sweeteners do not raise blood sugar levels, they can be a suitable alternative for individuals with diabetes or those looking to manage their weight. With minimal impact on blood sugar and insulin levels, monk fruit sweeteners can potentially aid in better blood sugar control and weight management.
Potential Side Effects
Safety Considerations
All monk fruit sweeteners currently on the market have been deemed safe for consumption by regulatory bodies like the FDA and EFSA. However, as with any food product, it is important to consume monk fruit sweeteners in moderation. While the compounds in monk fruit sweeteners are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and do not provide calories, excessive consumption may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort in some individuals. It is always advisable to read product labels, follow recommended serving sizes, and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns.
Allergy and Intolerance Risks
For individuals with known allergies to monk fruit or erythritol, consuming monk fruit sweeteners may pose a risk of allergic reactions or intolerance. While these instances are rare, symptoms may include gastrointestinal issues, skin rashes, or respiratory issues. If you experience any adverse reactions after consuming monk fruit sweeteners, discontinue use immediately and seek medical attention.
Effects: It is important to note that monk fruit sweeteners are considered safe for the general population, but individuals with known allergies or sensitivities to monk fruit or erythritol should exercise caution. Adverse reactions are rare, but if they occur, it is crucial to stop consumption and seek medical advice.
Regulatory Status
FDA GRAS status
There’s no doubt about the safety of monk fruit sweeteners when it comes to the FDA’s standpoint. Monk fruit extracts are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA for consumption. This designation is only awarded to food ingredients that are deemed safe for their intended use, following expert consensus. With the GRAS status, consumers can rest assured that monk fruit sweeteners meet the safety standards set by the FDA.
International approvals
Approvals for monk fruit extracts as sweeteners have been granted by health agencies in various countries worldwide. China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada are among the countries that permit the use of monk fruit sweeteners. These approvals are based on a history of safe use and no evidence of adverse effects in human studies, even at relatively high consumption levels. With these international approvals, consumers can confidently enjoy the sweet taste of monk fruit sweeteners in their favorite foods and beverages.
Environmental Impact
Once again, it is vital to consider the environmental impact of monk fruit sweeteners. From cultivation to production, various factors contribute to the sustainability and carbon footprint of these sweeteners.
Cultivation Sustainability
There’s a growing concern for the sustainability of monk fruit cultivation. The fruit requires specific growing conditions and is primarily cultivated in southern China. Sustainable practices such as organic farming and biodiversity conservation can help mitigate any negative environmental impact that may arise from monoculture farming.
Production Carbon Footprint
Assuming that the production process of monk fruit sweeteners involves energy-intensive steps such as extraction and processing, it is crucial to assess the carbon footprint associated with their production. Footprint assessments can help identify areas where improvements can be made to reduce emissions and make the production process more environmentally friendly.
Monk Fruit vs. Other Sweeteners
Taste Comparisons
| Monk Fruit Sweeteners | Other Sweeteners |
| Intensely sweet | Can have a bitter aftertaste |
| No calories | May contain calories |
Health Comparison
For a healthier alternative to sugar, monk fruit sweeteners can be a great choice. While other sweeteners may have potential health concerns, monk fruit sweeteners are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) and have no known adverse effects.
| Monk Fruit Sweeteners | Other Sweeteners |
| No known adverse effects | Potential health concerns |
| GRAS status | May have limitations on safe consumption |
Little is known about long-term effects of sweeteners like aspartame, stevia, and sucralose. However, monk fruit sweeteners have been used for centuries and are considered safe for consumption by various health agencies worldwide.
The scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published in 2019 stated that data was insufficient at that time for EFSA to make a conclusion on the safety of using monk fruit extracts in foods. The safety of monk fruit extract has been confirmed by health agencies in countries around the world, including China, Japan, Canada, and the U.S.
| Monk Fruit Sweeteners | Other Sweeteners |
| Approved by multiple health agencies | Varied approvals in different countries |
| Centuries of safe use | Shorter history of use |
Consumer Accessibility
All consumers looking to reduce their sugar intake have access to monk fruit sweeteners, which are widely available in today’s market. Whether you prefer shopping in physical stores or online, monk fruit sweeteners can be found in various forms such as granular and liquid, across a wide range of brands.
Market availability
If you are considering incorporating monk fruit sweeteners into your diet, you will be pleased to know that they are readily available in most major grocery stores, health food stores, and online retailers. Brands like Monk Fruit In The Raw®, Lakanto®, SPLENDA® Monk Fruit Sweetener, SweetLeaf®, and Whole Earth® offer monk fruit sweeteners in convenient packaging to suit your needs.
Cost factors
Clearly, the cost of monk fruit sweeteners may vary depending on the brand, quantity, and form of the product you choose. Some brands may be more expensive than others, but keep in mind that the benefits of reducing sugar intake and enjoying a low-calorie alternative can outweigh the cost. Assume that investing in monk fruit sweeteners can lead to long-term health benefits, making it a worthwhile purchase in the end.
- Consumer-friendly: Monk fruit sweeteners can easily be found in most grocery stores and online retailers.
- Health benefits: Investing in monk fruit sweeteners may lead to long-term benefits for your health and well-being.
- Wide range of options: Various brands offer monk fruit sweeteners in different forms, allowing you to choose what best suits your preferences.
Food Industry Adoption
Product development
Unlike some other alternative sweeteners, monk fruit sweeteners have gained traction in the food industry due to their natural origin and no-calorie profile. You will find monk fruit sweeteners in a variety of products, from beverages and dairy to baked goods and condiments. The integration of monk fruit sweeteners in product development opens up opportunities for creating healthier alternatives to traditional sugar-sweetened options.
Consumer demand trends
An increasing number of consumers are seeking healthier alternatives to sugar without sacrificing taste. Monk fruit sweeteners have become popular among health-conscious individuals and those looking to reduce their sugar intake. Plus, with the rise of low-carb and keto diets, there is a growing demand for sweeteners that do not raise blood sugar levels, making monk fruit sweeteners a preferred choice.
Nutritional Information
Caloric content
Not all monk fruit sweeteners contain calories. Some monk fruit sweeteners are blends with other ingredients like erythritol, which is a type of sugar alcohol that contains zero calories per gram. When choosing monk fruit sweeteners, it is important to check the label to determine the caloric content and any other added ingredients that may contribute to the overall calorie count.
Glycemic index
If you are monitoring your blood sugar levels, monk fruit sweeteners are a great option as they have a glycemic index of zero. This means that they do not raise blood sugar levels after consumption, making them suitable for individuals with diabetes or those following a low-glycemic diet.
To further emphasize, the glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood sugar levels. Foods with a high GI are rapidly digested and absorbed, causing a spike in blood sugar, while foods with a low GI are digested and absorbed more slowly, leading to a gradual rise in blood sugar levels. Monk fruit sweeteners’ GI of zero makes them a safe and beneficial alternative to sugar for those looking to manage their blood sugar levels.
Metabolism of Mogrosides
Now let’s explore into how mogrosides, the compounds responsible for the sweetness in monk fruit extract, are metabolized in the body.
Absorption and digestion
Metabolism: Mogrosides are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, thus providing no calories. Once reaching the colon, gut microbes break down mogrosides, extracting glucose for energy. The remaining mogrol and some metabolites are excreted primarily through the gastrointestinal tract, with minimal absorption into the bloodstream and excretion in the urine.
Excretion processes
Little is known about the excretion processes of mogrosides. Research indicates that mogrosides from monk fruit extract do not provide calories and are primarily excreted through the gastrointestinal tract and urine. Erythritol, a common additive in monk fruit sweeteners, is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine and excreted in the urine within 24 hours.
The safety of monk fruit sweeteners has been confirmed by health agencies worldwide, with no evidence of adverse effects from consuming moderate levels. Extracts from monk fruit are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. FDA, establishing their safety for consumption.
Erythritol in Sweeteners
Role and benefits
One of the key components often found in monk fruit sweeteners is erythritol. Unlike other sugar alcohols, erythritol is known for its low calorie content — containing zero calories per gram. This makes it a popular choice in low-calorie sweeteners as it can provide sweetness without contributing to energy intake. In addition, erythritol is well-tolerated by most people and does not have a significant impact on blood sugar levels, making it suitable for those managing their blood sugar.
Digestive response
Clearly, erythritol is different from other sugar alcohols like sorbitol or xylitol, as it is well-absorbed in the small intestine. While most of the consumed erythritol is excreted through urine within 24 hours, some individuals may experience digestive discomfort such as bloating or gas when consuming larger amounts. It is vital to note that the digestive response to erythritol varies among individuals, and moderation is key to prevent any unwanted effects.
It is important to note that erythritol has been deemed safe for consumption by regulatory authorities such as the FDA and EFSA. Its low calorie content and minimal impact on blood sugar levels make it an attractive option for those looking to reduce their sugar intake while still enjoying sweet treats.
Research and Studies
Many studies have been conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of monk fruit sweeteners. Research indicates that monk fruit sweeteners are safe for consumption and do not have any adverse effects on human health.
Human clinical trials
Trials have shown that monk fruit sweeteners are well-tolerated by humans and do not cause any negative side effects. Participants in these studies reported no gastrointestinal discomfort or other issues related to the consumption of monk fruit sweeteners.
Long-term effects
Any concerns about the long-term effects of monk fruit sweeteners have been largely unfounded. Studies have not shown any significant negative effects on overall health or well-being with regular consumption of monk fruit sweeteners. Long-term studies are ongoing to further confirm the safety of these sweeteners over extended periods of time.
To date, research suggests that monk fruit sweeteners are a safe and effective alternative to sugar for those looking to reduce their calorie and sugar intake. It is important to note that monk fruit extract is generally recognized as safe by regulatory authorities around the world, and current evidence supports its safety for human consumption.
Packaging and Labeling
For consumer convenience and transparency, monk fruit sweeteners must have clear and informative packaging and labeling. The packaging should be durable and resealable to maintain product freshness. Labels should prominently display the product name, brand, quantity, and a list of ingredients. Additionally, nutritional information, including serving size and calories per serving, should be easily visible. Instructions for use and storage recommendations should also be included on the packaging.
Branding Practices
Clearly defined branding practices are important to communicate the quality and reliability of monk fruit sweeteners to consumers. Brands should establish a strong identity that reflects their commitment to producing high-quality products. This can be achieved through consistent messaging, visually appealing packaging, and transparent communication about sourcing and production processes.
Nutrition Facts Clarity
While monk fruit sweeteners offer a low-calorie alternative to sugar, it is important for consumers to understand their nutritional content. Nutrition facts should be clearly displayed on the packaging, detailing the serving size, calories, and other key nutrients. Consumers should pay attention to any added ingredients, such as erythritol, in monk fruit sweeteners, as they may impact taste and digestion. Understanding the nutritional profile of monk fruit sweeteners can help individuals make informed choices about their diet and overall health.
Taste Profile
To fully understand the taste of monk fruit sweeteners, it’s vital to research into their unique taste profile. Monk fruit sweeteners are known for their intense sweetness, which can be attributed to the mogrosides found in monk fruit extract. These compounds provide a sweet taste that is 100-250 times sweeter than sugar, allowing for a small amount to go a long way in terms of sweetness.
Sweetness level
There’s no denying that monk fruit sweeteners pack a powerful sweet punch. With their high-intensity sweetness, only a minimal amount is needed to achieve the desired sweetness in beverages and foods. This makes monk fruit sweeteners a popular choice for those looking to reduce their sugar intake without sacrificing taste.
Aftertaste considerations
To fully appreciate monk fruit sweeteners, it’s important to consider their aftertaste. While some artificial sweeteners can leave a lingering, unpleasant aftertaste, monk fruit sweeteners are known for their clean, neutral taste. This means that they can seamlessly replace sugar in recipes without altering the overall flavor profile of the dish.
You can trust that monk fruit sweeteners provide a satisfyingly sweet experience without any lingering aftertaste often associated with alternative sweeteners. This makes them a versatile option for a wide range of culinary applications, from baked goods to beverages.
Culinary Applications
After learning about the production and safety of monk fruit sweeteners, you may be wondering how to incorporate this natural sweetener into your culinary creations. Monk fruit sweeteners can be used in a variety of recipes to replace traditional sugar, offering a sweet taste without the added calories. From beverages to baked goods, monk fruit sweeteners are a versatile addition to any kitchen.
Recipe Adaptations
There’s a simple way to adapt recipes to include monk fruit sweeteners. When replacing sugar with monk fruit sweeteners, it’s important to note that the sweetness level is much higher, so start with small amounts and adjust to taste. Keep in mind that monk fruit sweeteners may affect the volume and texture of baked goods, so experimentation may be necessary to achieve the desired results.
Sweetening Techniques
Even though monk fruit sweeteners are intensely sweet, they can be used in a variety of ways to sweeten your favorite foods and beverages. This natural sweetener is stable at high temperatures, making it suitable for baking, cooking, and even sweetening hot drinks. When using monk fruit sweeteners in recipes, remember that a little goes a long way due to its high sweetness level.
For best results, start by experimenting with small amounts and gradually increase if needed. Monk fruit sweeteners can also be combined with other sweeteners like stevia or erythritol to achieve the desired taste profile. It’s important to note that monk fruit sweeteners can be a great alternative for those looking to reduce their sugar intake while still enjoying a sweet treat.
Consumer Education
Awareness campaigns
An important aspect of consumer education is raising awareness about the availability and benefits of monk fruit sweeteners. Companies and organizations can conduct awareness campaigns to inform the public about the use of monk fruit sweeteners as a sugar substitute. These campaigns can highlight the zero-calorie nature of monk fruit sweeteners and their potential to help individuals reduce their intake of added sugars.
Understanding sweetener choices
Some consumers may be unsure about the different types of sweeteners available on the market. It is important to educate consumers about the differences between various sweeteners, including monk fruit sweeteners. Monk fruit sweeteners offer a natural, zero-calorie alternative to sugar, making them a popular choice for individuals looking to reduce their sugar consumption. Consumers should be aware that monk fruit sweeteners do not impact blood sugar levels, making them a suitable option for diabetics and those watching their glycemic index.
To enhance consumer understanding, it is imperative to provide clear information about sweetener options. While monk fruit sweeteners are highly regarded for their sweetness and zero-calorie content, it is important for individuals to be aware of any potential digestive effects that may occur with excessive consumption. Consumers should also be mindful of any added ingredients in monk fruit sweeteners, such as erythritol, especially if they have sensitivities or allergies to certain substances.
Future of Monk Fruit
Trends and predictions
An emerging trend in the food industry is the increasing demand for natural sugar alternatives due to growing health concerns related to high sugar consumption. Monk fruit sweeteners have gained popularity as they provide sweetness without the calories, making them an attractive option for consumers looking to reduce sugar intake. As people become more health-conscious, we can expect to see a continued rise in the use of monk fruit sweeteners in a variety of food and beverage products.
Potential innovation
With advancements in technology and research, there is a potential for further innovation in monk fruit sweeteners. Scientists may discover new ways to enhance the taste profile of monk fruit sweeteners, making them even more appealing to consumers. Additionally, there is potential for monk fruit sweeteners to be combined with other natural sweeteners or functional ingredients to create unique and beneficial products for health-conscious individuals.
Further research and development in the field of monk fruit sweeteners may also lead to the future availability of a wider range of products that cater to diverse consumer preferences and dietary needs. As consumer demand for healthier alternatives continues to grow, the market for monk fruit sweeteners is poised for expansion and innovation in the coming years.
Summing up
Now that you’ve learned everything you need to know about monk fruit sweeteners, you can confidently incorporate them into your diet as a safe and satisfying sugar substitute. From understanding what monk fruit sweeteners are and how they are produced to their safety for consumption, monk fruit sweeteners offer a sweet solution for those looking to reduce their sugar intake. With regulatory approval from various health agencies worldwide, monk fruit sweeteners are not only a low-calorie option, but also a delicious way to enjoy the taste of sweetness without the guilt. So go ahead, satisfy your sweet tooth with monk fruit sweeteners and reap the benefits of a healthier alternative to traditional sugar.
FAQ
Q: What are monk fruit sweeteners?
A: Monk fruit sweeteners are no-calorie sweeteners that can be used as sugar substitutes. They are derived from the monk fruit, a small round fruit native to southern China.
Q: How are monk fruit sweeteners produced?
A: Monk fruit sweeteners are produced by removing the seeds and skin of the fruit, crushing it, and extracting the sweet portions into liquid and powdered forms. Erythritol is often blended with monk fruit extract to mimic the taste and appearance of sugar.
Q: What happens to monk fruit sweeteners after consumption?
A: The compounds that give monk fruit extract its sweetness, called mogrosides, are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. They are metabolized in the colon by gut microbes and excreted primarily in the gastrointestinal tract or urine.
Q: Are monk fruit sweeteners safe to consume?
A: Yes, monk fruit extract is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. FDA and health agencies in various countries. Erythritol, often found in monk fruit sweeteners, is also considered safe for consumption.
Q: What is ADI?
A: ADI stands for Acceptable Daily Intake, which is the estimated amount of a substance that can be safely consumed on a daily basis over a lifetime without adverse effects. It is determined based on significant research and safety factors.
Q: How sweet are monk fruit sweeteners compared to sugar?
A: Monk fruit sweeteners are 100-250 times sweeter than sugar, so only small amounts are needed to provide the same level of sweetness. They can be used in a wide range of beverages and foods as sugar substitutes.
Q: What health benefits do monk fruit sweeteners provide?
A: Monk fruit sweeteners can help lower one’s intake of added sugars, reducing calorie intake while still satisfying the desire for sweetness. They are often used by individuals looking to manage their weight or blood sugar levels.
Q: Can monk fruit sweeteners be used in baking?
A: Yes, monk fruit sweeteners are stable at high temperatures and can be used in baked goods. However, substituting them for sugar in recipes may result in slight differences in volume and texture due to the absence of sugar’s functional properties.
